Apparatus for analyzing the production and drainage of petroleum reservoirs, and the like



Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR. ETAL 8 APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THEPRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF' PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE 32Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 21, 1959 Cenozoic Production. Droinoge up-dip.

Flg.l.

Inventors:

" Paleozoic Production.

Robert A.Clork,Jr., James H.Stc|rr Kenneth M.Wo?son 8 ThomasA.Bonning',Jr.

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR. ETAL 3,079,085

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct. 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 2Anficlinol Cenozoic Production.

Edge Water Drive. Secondary Production shown by Inventors:

Lighter Stippling. Kenneth'Mwo'ison 8 Thoma s A.Bc|nning,Jr.

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR. ETAL 3,

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct. 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 3 Trop.Paleozoic Produciion. Depletion shown by intensity of Siippling.

Trop. Paleozoic Production.

Depletion shown Schemoficolly ggggxz dm by Stippling. James HsiorrKenneih MlNoison 8i Thom os A.Bonning,Jr.

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR. ETAL 3,079,085

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct. 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 4Non-Produced by Natural Drive Cenozoic Production. 7

Non-Produced by NaturolDrive Secondary Produced.

Cenozoic Production. Y

Secondary mdTed.

Paleozoic Production.

Fi 9 Inventors: Trap. Paleozoic Production. Non-Produced Contents ennethMWO$OI1 9 Shawn schematically T omasABonnmg; r.

by Stippling. A?

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR. ETAL 3, 5

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE 32 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Oct. 21, 1959 PaleozoicProduction.

Cenozoic Production. E

Jrn HunUmm n mw mnDundnflHHvM iii mnnvamnuunuumxuuu uuwrubuununu nhnmInventors:

Paleozoic mes H51 oberi A.C|ork Jr.

i On Production.

unning,Jc

enneth M.W fs i ,079,085 E OF 32 Sheets-Sheet 7 Feb. 26, 1963 R. A.CLARK, JR.. ETAL UCTION AND DRAINAG APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODPETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct. 21, 1959 n 3000 Elmscans/n. I J L.

a I n Th J m H O mm rA m m" w e n e n ww m MRJK PuleozoicProducfion l6Feb. 26, 1 6 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,079,085

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE 0F PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct. 21, 1959 s2 Sheets-Sheet a T soon /aCommon Production from Cenozoic Production. several independentformations.

T Euros D Tron B/D Common Production from Paleozoic Production.

several independent I Traps.

Inventors:

Robert A.Clark, Jr., James H.Starr, Kenneth Mwatson 8r Thom sABan|ng,Jr.

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE rnonucmou mo DRAINAGE 0F PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE 32 Sheets-Sheet 9 Filed Oct. 21, 1959 #3 saw3?. 52 5 r 4 3 Z 0.

You? .4 I a 5 Z. Paleozoic Producflonthan Go: Injection.

Formafion Pressure.

Ga; Oil Ratio.

3 5129826 teflwnwx 3:30am m M M 3 x52 3 x :b w

Fig.2

Fig.2l.

Reservoir Fressure' Poleozolc Production.

'r'ab' r?'fblm,ar., James H.Storr, Kenneth Mwotson aThomos b Bonnmg, Jr.

1963 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,079,085

. APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE F PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 1o 5: e: 5.Z a d \J a I. 5 Water. u 6. as on. El G raw 0 =0 0 w 20 so 40 50 so 70so to no 0 m an so so 1a 89 to I00 P r G r Oil tu at Per Cent Watersoturatwn.

e an S0 r \on g Cumulative Water. Q3000 3W 3 v if 25 .2 D

Z000 ,g 205% t D- .B 2 2 \so '9' g 1990 E E loo *5 i D) a ,5 500 g L g0.

0 I0 20 so 40 50 so so to too Hood Age-Months. Water InjectionProduction.

0 z 4 8 8 in t2 {4,16 I8 20 at 24 I45 Y nm- Goslnjection Production.

Fig. 23. Inventors:

RobertA.Clurk,Jr., James H .Starr,

Feb. 26, 1963 R. APPARATUS FOR ANALYZI Filed Oct. 21, 1959 K/K and UnifyPercent O'fl smurafiun.

IOOZG-as,

A. CLARK, JR. ETA

0 l0 20304050B01080$DWO Yercenr wafer surumflon.

Figzs,

lDDZO'lI. \OOZWaher: noZoiL ork,Jr., Juines H.810",

Kenneth M.Wotson vThoma A.Bunning,dr.

3,079,085 NG THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, ANDTHE LIKE 32 Sheets-Sheet 11 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,079,035 APPARATUSFOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE 0F PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, ANDTHE LIKE 32 Sheets-Sheet 12 Filed Oct. 21, 1959 200 400 asfln Solutionod'ReservoirPre ssure 'fi/bb Gras free a1 Reservoiri'empemrure.

0 M N W64 ZLJJJ 4 id Fsg uz m ,6 bmun A L O 550 100D 150D 2900 2500 30003500 4080 4500 Pressure above bubbwpo'm less pressvredbp.

Fig.3i.

Fig.5.

lnjacsionweua.

Injection we! Fig.32.

ProdDcr'lon Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,079,035

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed 001:. 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 13 i.0i)'L H0 H5 L L L L L L L Correction factor opplicdio (Oil ai'O p.s.i.g.)

50 I00 I50 US 2.00 225 250 Z75 300 I Kfieiativc permeability ofOil (inoilwarerfiormaiion contents).

Compared to Relative permeability game Oil, zivopeigwith presmqradicniieii].

Sequence.

Move along"Correction Factor" line to intersection wlththe specified"Form atian Pressure Then failow the intersecting vertical correctionfactor value line to its intersection with the specified Rate Line .Thenmove horizontally from such rate line intersection point tothecorresponding K line. Read the value of K at such intersection with suchK Iine.Thls will be thevalue which K mus have for production of thespecified rate (in arbitrary units of rate) by an assumed pressuregradient of unity (in arbitrary units of pressure gradient), and withoutcorrection for oil volume shrinkage accompanying reduction of formationpressure.

, For thecose of'any pressure gradient other than unity on sucharbitrary scale divide the value of K as determined above by the valueof such other pressure gradient on said scale.

' To correct tar all shrinkaqe due to formation pressure divide thevalue of K as detemlned above by the value at the Formation Factor for0ii,(B corresponding to the tarrriation pressure at the test location.

E r Inventors: q Robert A.Ciark, Jr, =P a. o= RMlie/P James H.Starr,Where: R=Oii Rate, K6= Penneability to Oil, enneth M,Wqt pn a Mu=Viscosity of the on, P= Pressure Gradient. ,on s iiBann n A ja 6 r'/ Ye 3,079,085 NAGE 0F Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL APPARATUS FORANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAI PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE 52Sheets-Sheet 14 Filed Oct. 21, 1959 under test an: I I I I I i J 6confroli'o col-rec? Town]- I MagnericNuEflaL ume Shrinkage.

7 W0 3 m adm O or n H mmmm .H pl n w mfl l.l...| 1/ SMA .A J "86 e nmbmno 0 90/. m a Gil 4: m

. TypiculThreeDimensional Simulbting Unit 6, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL3,0 35

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF v PETROLEUM.RESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Flled Oct. 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 15 imlmlm7.48 w &

e or remote setting to OH Viscosiiy at Zero Mu Formation PressureCorrecl toViscosiiy of Formation zsrEi -Apporem 0" Rate Appurem Oil Rqie(Current H] 2 acted Oil R0 Pressure Grudieni Fu'ctor here Correci OiiRotefor value of To Curd Punchfor 2.86

To Cord Punch for %Wuier 2'1] -Tq Curd Punch for K Fig.3 9. Inventors:

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,079,035

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMREsERvoIRs, AND THE LIKE Filed 001:. 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet 16-Voltage set at value corresponding to the value of Mu at FormationPressure Slmulati Uni! No. Test Series No.

Property Kind of Reservoir Date Unit No. Tesi Series No.

Fi g. 42. Inventors:

RobertA.Clark,Jr., James H.Starr,

1963 R A CLARK, JR.. ETAL 3,07

Q'APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESEBVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Flled Oct 21, 1959 32 Sheets-Sheet l7 Correc!to Viscosity 0? Formation Pressure or Formation Pressure Correci OilRate for value of B Inject Pressure Grudiem Factor Waier SaturationJames H.Starr,

Feb. 26, 1963 APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE 0FPETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct, 21, 1959 R. A. CLARK, JR.ETAL 32 Sheets-Sheet 19 i l l l l lii l igl i l l l l MNMMM/MAMWNW m15.; nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn Manual setter to basic Viscosity specificationNWWWWM Mu at Formation Pressure and Temperature Formation PotentlZi(Pressure) at Test Unit file Lats From Oil RateUnit inject PressureGradient value as divider, but using entire resister section foractivating potential delivered to the bridge -This poten motion Vaiu BShrinkag K (uncorrected for Fortial represents me Factor voiue an assReder for re-seiting I Oli Simulating Reslsters B Factor correctionsignal Continued (see Fig.5iA)-- Fig.5|.(Shee ii.

/K ,based on Shrinkage Factor correction Inventors: RobertA.-Clark,Jr.,James H.Starr Kenneth M.Watson 8i ThomasA Banning,Jr.

Feb. 26, 1963 R. A. CLARK, JR. ETAL 3,0 ,0 5

APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING THE PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF PETROLEUMRESERVOIRS, AND THE LIKE Filed Oct; 21, 1959 O 32 Sheets-Sheet 2O[Con1inued from Fig.5l I a 3 K corrected for value A o D of B(Shr|nkoge) rlwlnl'lr' v. A

2.70 413 AAA AAAAAAAAAAAA WWI" vvvvvvvvvvvvv u w SOL Produces chartrecordings of F\ Water Suiuruflon values Water Saturation PotentialSupply WVVVVVVVVVVV Kw Reseher for re-sening Woter Simulating Resistersinvmors:

Robert A.C|urk,Jr.,

enne a son Fig 5|A. fjhomus ABonmng, Jr.

1. IN APPARATUS FOR SIMULATING THE DRAINAGE AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OFA POROUS-PERMEABLE-FLUID-CONTAINING RESERVOIR IN WHICH RESERVOIR ARECONTAINED A MIXTURE OF AT LEAST TWO FLUID COMPONENTS IN A CHANGING RATIOOF SAID COMPONENTS AND WHEREIN THE PERMEABILITIES OF SUCH FLUIDCOMPONENTS TO FLOW THROUGH A BODY OF THE RESERVOIR ARE OF VALUES WHICHVARY WITH CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF SUCH FLUID COMPONENTS, ONE OF SAIDFLUIDS BEING CHARACTERIZED BY THE QUALITY OF WETTING THE PERMEABLERESERVOIR AND CONSTITUTING A WETTING AGENT OF THE MATERIAL OF SAIDRESERVOIR, AND THE MATERIAL OF SAID RESERVOIR AND OF SAID FLUIDCOMPONENTS BEING CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT WHEN THE PERCENT OF THEWETTING AGENT COMPONENT COMPRISES ONE HUNDRED PERCENT OF THE FLUIDFLOWING THROUGH THE FORMATION THE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF THE FORMATIONTO FLOW OF SUCH WETTING AGENT COMPONENT COMPRISES ONE HUNDRED PERCENT,AND ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT WHEN THE PERCENT OF THENON-WETTING AGENT COMPONENT COMPRISES ONE HUNDRED PERCENT OF THE FLUIDFLOWING THROUGH THE FORMATION THE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF THE FORMATIONTO THE FLOW OF SUCH NON-WETTING AGENT COMPONENT COMPRISES ONE HUNDREDPERCENT, AND ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT FOR PROGRESSIVEREDUCTIONS OF THE PERCENT OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE MIXTURE, THE RELATIVEPERCENT OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE MIXTURE, THE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OFTHE FORMATION TO THE FLOW OF SUCH COMPONENT THROUGH THE FORMATIONDECREASES, AND FURTHER CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT THE PERMEABILITYOF THE FORMATION TO THE FLOW OF AT LEAST ONE SUCH COMPONENT BECOMES ZEROWHEN THE PERCENTAGE OF SUCH COMPONENT IS MORE THAN ZERO, MEANS TOSIMULATE THE FLUID FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SAID FLUID MIXTURE THROUGH ABODY OF SUCH RESERVOIR, COMPRISING A SIMULATING UNIT INCLUDING AT LEASTTWO ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING ADJUSTABLE IMPEDANCES, ONE SUCH IMPEDANCECONSTITUTING A PERMEABILITY SIMULATING ELEMENT FOR ONE OF THE FLUIDCOMPONENTS AND ANOTHER SUCH IMPEDANCE CONSTITUTING A PERMEABILITYSIMULATING ELEMENT FOR ANOTHER FLUID COMPONENT, MEANS TO CONNECT SAIDIMPEDANCES TOGETHER IN PARALLEL RELATIONSHIP INCLUDING COMMON TERMINALCONNECTIONS FOR BOTH SUCH IMPEDANCES, CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THEIMPEDANCES OF SAID UNIT FROM ONE TERMINAL TO THE OTHER SIMULATING THEFLUID MIXTURE FLOW THROUGH THE SIMULATED BODY OF THE RESERVOIR, EACH OFTHE IMPEDANCES BEING ADJUSTABLE IN IMPEDANCE VALUE TO SIMULATE INVERSEVALUES OF THE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY VALUES OF THE FORMATION TO FLOW OFTHE COMPONENT TO WHICH SUCH IMPEDANCE CORRESPONDS, FOR CHANGING VALUESOF THE PERCENT OF SUCH COMPONENT CONTAINED IN THE FLUID MIXTURE;TOGETHER WITH MEANS TO ADJUST THE IMPEDANCE VALUE OF EACH OF SAIDIMPEDANCES TO CORRESPOND AT SUCH RATIO OF THE FLUID COMPONENTS, TO THERELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF THE CORRESPONDING FLUID COMPONENT, TO FLOWTHROUGH THE SIMULATED BODY OF THE RESERVOIR.